Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Introduction ------------ The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Many factors can affect the rate of reaction; the concentration of the reactants is one of them. In the following experiments we will investigate how the concentration of the reactants affect the rate of reaction. To do this we will use the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. GRAPH I will measure the rate of reaction by timing how long the reaction takes. Aim- I am trying to find out how an increase/decrease in concentration of the acid affects the rate of reaction in magnesium strips. Prediction: I predict that as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases the time taken for the magnesium to dissolve will decrease. I also think that when the concentration of the acid doubles the rate of reaction will also double. Collision Theory: The collision theory is how the rate of reaction increases when the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases. In the reaction firstly all of the particles in the reacting substances must collide. They must collide with a certain amount of energy called activation energy, this must be reached for the reaction to take place. If the particles do not reach this required amount of energy there will not be any successful collisions and therefore the reaction will not take place. If the particles do reach the required amount of energy a reaction will rake place and as the number of collisions increase the reaction speeds up. The more concentrated the reactants the larger the number of successful collisions between the particles. This explains why the largest rate of reaction is usually as soon as the reactants have been mixed together, this means they are both at their highest concentrations. High concentration Low concentration (18cm ³ HCL + 2cm ³ H ²O) (6cm ³ HCL + 14cm ³ H ²O) The temperature in this investigation will not affect the rate of reaction because throughout the investigation it will stay at room temperature. If the temperature was to change during the experiment it would effect the rate of reaction by speeding it up if the temperature increased because the particles move a lot faster and travel a larger

Analysis of Imitiaz Dharker’s Poems

Imitiaz Dharker was born in Lahore, Pakistan in the year 1954. She is a poet, documentary film-maker and an artist. Her family moved from Lahore to Glasgow when she was less than year old. Presently she divides her time between London and Mumbai. Her other works includes Purdah and other poems (1988), Post Cards from God (1997), I speak for devil (2001), Terrorist at my table (2006), Leaving foot prints (2009). Dharker is also a documentary film-maker and has scripted and directed over a hundred films and audio-visuals, centering on education, reproductive health and shelter for women and children. In 1980 she was awarded a Silver Lotus for a short film. She is also an accomplished artist. The main themes of her poetry include home, freedom, journeys, geographical and cultural displacement, communal conflict and gender politics. Today she is considered as one of the most important contemporary poets. The theme of social exclusion can be clearly seen in both of the poems. It is also her background and her personal experience that influence her work. In her poem Minority, Imitiaz Dharker talks about the condition and the problems faced by a person who belongs to a minority. As her other notable works even in this poem her own cultural background and her personal experiences can be clearly understood. When we first see the tittle we can clearly infer that it has something to do with minority group or people belonging to minority. The tittle says it all. It is a first person narrative but it is difficult to find out the gender of the speaker. Let’s just take into account that the speaker is a female. There is a heavy use of metaphor in the poem. So the speaker says, she was born a foreigner and after that wherever she went she carried the tag of foreigner with her. These lines can be directly linked with the life of the poet herself as she was born in Lahore but soon the family shifted. So even where the speaker was born she is foreigner in that country. Further the speaker says that she went to places where her relatives stayed but, just like the roots of tubers even when the hold was deep within she felt like she was an outsider like she didn’t belong there. Everything was new to her. This is probably a reference to poets’ home country. People like to maintain a safe distance from a person who is different than them. The people who are supposed to understand the speaker are the ones who distance themselves from her just because she is a minority, isolating her culturally and socially. This people are the educated ones who are isolating her. The speaker has compared herself to a clumsily translated poem. Her life is a poem but a translated one which lacks the grace and is full of gawky moments. She doesn’t seem to fit anywhere. She can’t find a place where she can adapt because she is never given a chance to do so. Cooking food in coconut has long been a Indian tradition. To people she is like the food cooked in coconut. The mention of ghee and cream contradict each other because both of them belong to different cultures. So where people expect ghee and cream speakers’ life is like food cooked in coconut and it gives an aftertaste of neem and cardamom instead of two good items like ghee and cream. Neem and cardamom it’s bitter and people don’t like it. Whether it’s in her home country or any other country and thus makes her a minority. There comes a point when people find her language strange and don’t seem to accept her. It’s like she has landed into a trap by saying anything to the people at all. They are just waiting for their traps to work and are waiting to put her down and make her a minority on basis of her language. There is an frame fixed in the minds of people, a perfect frame which is as good as them and they view everyone through this frame but when the speakers picture comes into the frame the frame slips. Her picture is not good enough for the frame like they can’t accept someone like her, someone from the minority and that she is not good enough to be with them not good enough to be called as their own. They see someone who is not tuned with them, someone who is not like them, someone who is from a different world, someone like a ghost. For them the speaker stands out for apparently all wrong reasons and she is an outsider to them, in their midst she is an alien. So the speaker sits scratching throughout her lonely nights. It can be interpreted as she is scratching a desperate plea a message on a piece of paper. But if we infer the deeper meaning it can also mean that she is scratching because she is feeling uneasy, she is scratching over the scab of division and the label that she is a minority. She is scratching over the scab of people treating her minority over her skin colour. ‘A page doesn’t fight back’, according to me this is the most powerful line in the whole poem. By page here she is referring to a minority person like herself. The speaker hopes that whatever she has spoken so far shoots through the thick layer of stereotypes the community has set and the noise of repression of the community. So whole carrying on with this life of hers, the speaker comes across a person who is stranger to her yet there is something about the person that makes her feel like she knows him or her. The face of the person is pure and simple without any mask of stereotypes. The speaker can actually read through the persons face and his or her outcast eyes. She comes to a realization that the person is like her a minority. She comes to a realization that she is not only the one who is an outcast, one who has no place to call home and one who is a foreigner wherever she goes. It gives speaker some hope to know that she doesn’t stand alone. The poem reflects the life of the poet herself. While she visits India people view her as a visitor and also because she is a Muslim, who come under minority in our country. On the other hand when she is in western countries people view her as an immigrant. The poem gives us an idea about the feelings of people belonging to minority. ‘They’ll say: â€Å"She must be from another country†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The poem, ‘they’ll say: â€Å"She must be from another country†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is also written by Imitiaz Dharker. The poem is a sharp critic on various forms of exploitation that are carried in India as well as in different parts of world. The poem is about how people of the world can’t come to terms with a person who is liberal and open-minded. The poet has criticized old and traditional minds. The poem gives various indirect references to racial discrimination, state repression and curbing the right to freedom of expression. We have examples of painters like MF Husain and writers like Salman Rushdie who were opposed at different times due to their work. The poet talks about them indirectly without mentioning their names. Numerous films have been opposed just because they clash with some minds. The speaker is a female as it is clearly said in the poem and as well as the tittle. In country like India or any other country for that matter, not everything is welcomed open mindedly. Pieces of literature and art which are found to be offensive are taking down while not looking or hearing what the creator of the masterpiece wants to say about it. Whether he she really means any offence to particular religion, group of people and if he or she wants to hurt any sentiments. There are some traditional and orthodox minds that do not seem to respect freedom of expression. In today’s ever changing and modern world lines like right to freedom of speech and expression are only to say but in reality this things are not welcomed. Certain anti-social minds think they are protecting their identity or uplifting the interests of their religion or community. But this is not true. They are just not bold enough to take whatever falls on their ears even if it is the truth. So as the speaker says books are burned and paintings are taken down. Just because the thoughts expressed in those pieces of work clash with the orthodox thinking. Sometimes even the educated minds do this. Of course all are open to say whatever they want but I think it can be done in a better way other than taking down the books and the paintings. This people aren’t mature enough to accept ideas which come across them. We have numerous examples of books which have been banned. They condemn the pieces of master pieces to dust when a particular piece of art is found disturbing. Art is expressed in different ways. Every artist has his or her own style of expressing their ideas on a paper. Not all naked pictures of Gods and Goddesses are painted to tarnish a particular religion. We need to look through the artist’s eye to understand them to understand the beauty of it. Burning the work isn’t going to help. There are cases in our country when artists were forced to leave the country. Whenever this happens we lose these valuable masterminds. Then the speaker also talks about films which are banned. Whenever films are released on controversial topics, there are people who oppose their screening and in most of the cases even stop them from getting screened. They vandalize the cinema houses and destroy the property if their demands are not met. When the speaker questions such behavior she is told that she must be from another country. It indirectly indicates that this type of behavior is not going to stop and that it happens often. There are times when a person is criticized due to the language and accent. They point it out and explain it the way it should be spoken and they’ll say she must be from another country. The speaker further says when she walks with her head up, with dignity, commanding respect they criticize. As being a woman they expect her to keep her head down and walk as if she’s some less of the person. When the speaker wears table cloth to go to town, it means when she wears different type of clothes like stylish clothes she is condemned. Even today i8n certain places women are not allowed to wear western outfits. The speaker says there is discrimination on the basis of colour and sexual orientation of a person. If any Indian or Asian goes in western countries, they are often discriminated on the basis of their skin colour. The speaker also says that, if a person is gay then he or she is not accepted in society by the orthodox minds. Hence when they see a black person or a gay they whisper to each other that he or she doesn’t belong here. The speaker further adds about how there is a huge gap between a country like India and other western countries like the Great Britain. They find the speakers habits disgusting. Such as eating olives and spitting out the pits, peeing outside. These people belong to a sophisticated place and hence do not like such things. The mention of Bombay shows that she is clearly talking about India. The places like opera are meant for serious minded and elite class of society. So the speaker says when she yawns in opera and laughs, they do not like it. They say very sadly and with disgust that she is same as rest and does not belong here. So due to all this un-acceptance she receives everywhere, the speaker says that maybe there is a country foe all the freaks like herself. By freaks she means the liberal minded people who are considered as freaks by the orthodox minded people. This are the people who do not owe any allegiance or loyalty to the old fat fools who wear the uniform. By this she does not necessarily mean the police. It means all those people in power and influence. According to her they are the one who act like crooks and thugs and take away the rights of people when they are the ones supposed to protect the interests of people. The people with power suppress anyone who comes in their way and by doing so they break the same rules which they are supposed to abide by. Further the speaker says the country is just for namesake and to her and other people like her it doesn’t look like a country at all. There are cracks all over and people like her live behind the backs of those who rule with their cruel power. There are divisions and this is tearing up the country. So the words like national integration and universal brotherhood look good only in books and pages. The speaker has never understood this eccentric behavior and is at peace with it. She is happy that she is not associated in any way with the fat old fools and happy that she remains an alien to the customs and traditions. She readily accepts the tag of outsider. She accepts that she indeed belongs to a different country which probably doesn’t exist. A country where freedom is put down and chained in every way possible. The two poems are related to each other. In both poems the person is made to feel different and unwanted and in the end somehow in both poems the speakers have found some hope and solitude.

The Outside Influences On A College Student - 1661 Words

Joshua Huayamave Professor Uszerowicz Enc 1102 3/08/2015 The Outside influences on a College student Today, young people live in an environment in which many judge beauty on a superficial level, overspending budget margins for college or the student cannot afford to go to college at that year. Others such as social influences of the classroom, outside of the classroom, parents and teachers can have a profound effect on the college student too. These influences often meet with the students at multiple points in their lives. It depends on the student if they ignore, embrace or follow these influences that comes to pass. Is it expected to do as the others do? The real question is if all of these specific influences and individuals alter our lives for better or worse. It often proves challenging sending a child to college. Young adulthood is usually an important time for career decision-making and growth (Whiston, Keller, 2004).College is a large step and responsibility to ascertain on a college bound student. It proves to have freedom to do well in school but also to waste valuable time and money. It is often looked as an investment, but to many others it is viewed as a challenging subject to dedicate. Many student get discouraged as students study medicine, biology and other PhD candidacy in college. Others look at the very immediate action that must be taken care of, that subject area is known as tuition. Financial Aid has become more of burden rather than a free programShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Biographies Of Hegemony By Karen Ho1574 Words   |  7 Pages As the perception of success evolves due to the impact of outside influences and societal culture, people begin to ask what is success? 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Organ donation - 1256 Words

Hector L. Santiago SPC2608 Section # Date 11/4/13 Title: How to make people Sign up for organ donating Topic: Organ donation Specific Purpose: To motivate my audience to sign up for organ donation Thesis Statement: Signing up for organ donating will save more lives INTRODUCTION Attention Material: Organ transplantation is a miraculous procedure that can save lives and possibly have a new appreciation on it. But the overall of those that need them outweigh the people that have signed up for donning their organs. They people that need those organs to survive. So how would you feel if you saved a life? Now how about 8 lives with your organs, and even more with tissue? This can all be possible if you sign up for†¦show more content†¦You could go to other organizations that promote organ donning like http://blifeny.org/ they like to go around new York and convince other people donning. III. Visualize- pos A. Positive: All those that end in death may go into new life with the organ donation some people might find a sense of closure by hearing that their loved one now lives on inside another person. A.1. Wayne Drysdale Minister of Infrastructure talks in a debate to promote organ donation and about how his suffered brain damage because he was on his dirt bike and had an accident and had to be put through life support and how he donated his sons organs over to a ten year old kid that was in dire need of them to survive. B. Negative: Kathleen Northridge a freelance writter says: Families might get confused and make a fuss about removing some ones tissue while on life support. B.1. For one; Surgeons do not remove any tissues unless the person is brain dead, but they sometimes put the body on a ventilator to keep the heart pumping fresh blood into the tissues to keep them alive long enough to harvest. B.2. 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In many ways, Television has proved to be one of the worst...

Standard pieces of equipment in most homes, watching television has become a standard activity for most families. Although there are many excellent programs, many people think television is one of the worst inventions of modern times. All too often, television is harmful because of the shows it broadcasts, the effect it has on people, and the way it is used in homes. First, heavy TV viewing leads to poor school performance. Most television broadcasters show a variety of programs 24 hours a day, giving the viewers a 24-hour service. More time spent watching these shows is linked with poorer school performance overall and decreased scores on standardized tests. The more time spent in front of a television, the less time spent on homework or†¦show more content†¦Lets consider the future according to television and movies. Think of any movies you have seen or heard about that involve the future. What kind of future is portrayed? For instance, Independence Day - the world is attacked and almost annihilated by aliens, Water World - the world is flooded and the few survivors are floating around fighting each other, Starship Troopers - the world is attacked by bugs on another planet, Peace Maker / True Lies and many more - terrorists are about to destroy America or world. Is it any wonder that most kids do not think that the future is bright? Mo vies and television have such an emphasis on the dark side of life that hope is extinguished. Passive brains retain sensations, not information. There is no other experience in a childs life that permits so much passive intake while demanding so little active outflow as the experience of watching television. According to Jane Healy, PhD, It is well documented that heavy television watching has strong negative effects on the reading skills needed for high-level comprehension. It is not the content so much as the experience itself, and the experiences missed while watching, that pose serious dangers to the actual physiological development of a childs brain. Studies show that there is a direct inverse relationship between viewing time and performance on tests of language development: the children who viewed more television demonstrated lower languageShow MoreRelatedThe Disadvantages of Television819 Words   |  4 PagesIN MANY WAYS, TELEVISION HAS PROVED TO BE ONE OF THE WORST INVENTIONS OF MODERN TIMES. ALL TOO OFTEN, TELEVISION IS HARMFUL BECAUSE OF THE SHOWS IT BROADCASTS AND THE WAY IT IS USED IN THE HOME. Undoubtedly, television has millions of viewers in the world and thanks to its inventor Philo Farnsworth, a Utah-born genius that had coloured the world of modern technology. Nowadays, people use television as a mass of communication, to learn from how to style to how to make a bomb, to tie a good familyRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesGroup Ltd. 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. 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That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not useRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesinhibit brand building. The fifth reason, the temptation to change a sound brand strategy, is particularly insidious because it is the management equivalent of shooting yourself in the foot. The sixth and seventh reasons, the organizational bias against innovation and the pressure to invest elsewhere, are special problems facing strong brands. They can be caused by arrogance but are more often caused by complacency coupled with pride and/or greed. 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Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more

The Academic Support Center Education Essay Free Essays

The bulk of pupils in universities fail to recognize merely how many people struggle with disablements that affect so many facets of their day-to-day lives. When it comes to a pupil ‘s instruction, larning disablements are normally what come to mind, but the truth is that disablements can run from physical, to mental, emotional, and/or psychological damages. Although it is hard to achieve the exact figure of university-level pupils with disablements, a recent survey in the United States showed that â€Å" about nine per centum of all undergraduates in higher instruction study holding a disablement, a per centum that has tripled in the last two decennaries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Academic Support Center Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † ( Clark-McClendon, and Grant ) While that may non look like much of the undergraduate population, it is merely just that a university has resources available to them. The University of California, Riverside, has a section called the Academic Support Center ( ASC ) , which is devoted to assisting pupils with disablements, so that they can hold an equal chance in their instruction as any other pupil. I think the Academic Support Center is an highly helpful and of import resource for pupils with impermanent and lasting disablements. Not merely does it diminish the limitations that are imposed by a pupils ‘ disablement, but it provides them an equal chance to larn. Although the ASC is where most of the services are offered, the first topographic point to travel for any pupil who is looking for the available services is the Services for Students with Disabilities Office ( SSD ) . The SSD staff is at that place to help pupils and explicate to them the general information about all the services that the ASC provides, every bit good as the needed paperwork and certification that is needed in order to be accommodated by the ASC. The ground that the SSD is the first halt is because the staff there are trained professionals, who after a audience with the pupil, will find what academic adjustments will let the pupil to entree UCR ‘s educational chances. All the adjustments are specifically modified to run into each pupil ‘s disability-related demands. Students are required to make full out the â€Å" Student Data Sheet A ; Request for Accommodations † signifier, where they must supply information about their disablement and the list of adjustments that they are bespeaking. Along with that, the pupil must supply the SSD with authorised certification of their disablement which has to be certified by a accredited doctor, psychologist, or larning disablements specializer. Although this is a slightly long and boring procedure, it is highly of import because the disablement must be legitimate and the SSD staff must do certain that the information given to them is valid and non something that is made up. Besides, even though there is a batch of paperwork required, a positive facet is that it is normally merely a erstwhile process that is typically done a hebdomad or two before a pupil ‘s initial one-fourth starts. One of the grounds the ASC is every bit successful as it has been is due to the experient staff that are organized and are ever at that place to assist with the demands of the pupils. The staff is made up of the manager, Marcia Schiffer, who has her maestro ‘s in instruction, Rebecca Aguiar, the ASC Coordinator, and Sharon Kasner, the ASC Assistant, who does the clerical work. They are really helpful with organizing pupils ‘ agendas in footings of test-taking, work outing any struggles that may happen between any category times, and puting up assignments with pupils so that they can discourse anything that is needed for the adjustment for each pupil. All of their services call for utmost organisational accomplishments because there are a big figure of pupils and the ASC offers many services that need speckless coordination. In an interview with Sharon Kasner, she tells me that â€Å" the academic support centres occupation is to level the playing field for pupils and we are non here to set anyone in more of an advantage. † When asked if her occupation was nerve-racking, she said, â€Å" it is nerve-racking at extremums, but every bit long as we stay organized and hold pupils up to certain deadlines, like passing in signifiers a hebdomad in progress, it is non as feverish. † In my sentiment, the staff is making a great occupation in esteeming the demands of the pupils and supplying a comfy, contributing environment where there is equal privateness for each pupil and everything is unbroken really confidential. Many may inquire why the handiness of these services is critical to those with disablements, which is why there have been many Torahs that apply to pupils of all ages. The American ‘s with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) of 1990 and subdivision 504 of the 1973 Vocational Rehabilitation Act explain in item why it is necessary to hold such Torahs to enable the rights of pupils with disablements. Harmonizing to these Torahs, â€Å" University academic adjustments and support services are non intended to rectify, but instead to supply pupils equal entree by cut downing the negative impact of their disablements. † ( â€Å" Student Special Services † ) The services at university degree are available to give pupils equal entree to an instruction, every bit good as giving pupil ‘s entree to larn and/or achieve success. Although the ASC provides many services while assisting do up for the effects of a pupils ‘ disablement, the university itself does non alter any acad emic demands to suit a pupil. The ASC provides a broad scope of services depending on the disablement type. Test taking adjustments, note-sharing services, Communication Access Real-time Translation ( CART ) , the usage of a computing machine with altered package, and gestural linguistic communication translators are the most widely used services that the ASC offers. What each pupil is accommodated with has to make with the type of disablement. Learning disablements, for illustration, frequently affect treating information, memory, reading, and ciphering. Examples of adjustments that the ASC provides for pupil who have specific larning disablements include, note-sharing, audio taped categories, excess test times, computing machine ‘s that read inquiries, spelling and grammar draughtss. Mobility damages can be the consequence of many different things including intellectual paralysis, scoliosis, spinal cord hurt, or amputation of a certain limb. The most common adjustments for pupils with mobility damages inc lude trials in electronic formats, a note-taker, or even computing machines that are equipped with particular devices like address input, an alternate keyboard, or even Morse codification. Students with mental disablements frequently struggle with psychological upsets such as, major depressive upset, multiple personality upset, generalized anxiousness upset, or station traumatic emphasis upset. Very frequently, these upsets affect the day-to-day life of pupils and interfere with their academic advancement, therefore pupils with these conditions frequently require note-taking services, a recording of talks, extended clip on assignments and trials, and a non-distracting, quiet puting for assignments and trials. For pupils who are deaf or difficult of hearing, the usage of a comparatively new engineering called the Communication Access Real-time Translation ( CART ) is available and arranged through the ASC. CART is an instant interlingual rendition of the spoken word into English text, which is performed by a captionist ( the CART newsman ) , utilizing a stenotype machine, a laptop, and real-time package. The text is displayed on the proctor of the computing machine or other device for the pupil. The captionist sits beside the pupil, during category, and types out the professor ‘s talk for word, while the pupil reads it on a laptop computing machine. For pupils who prefer gestural linguistic communication translators over the CART service, the ASC can set up that every bit good, every bit long as the pupil gives the staff at least a hebdomad ‘s notice. Through experience and observation of the services provided by the ASC, I believe that most pupils greatly benefit from what is available to them. Not merely are the services up to day of the month with the engineering that is out to suit each pupils needs, but the service is easy accessible as good. The testing suites are broad and are set-up to suit a upper limit of three pupils at a clip, but it is really rare that more than one pupil is in there at one time. The testing suites are comfy and are really contributing to a proving environment as there are seldom of all time any distractions. It may non be easy for some pupil without disablements to understand why it is highly of import for the services of the ASC to be available to those who do hold disablements. Since there are many different disablements, there are many different factors that affect a peculiar pupil. The force per unit area of timed, in-class, tests/exams could show troubles to some pupils. The clip force per unit area in a testing state of affairs, for illustration, otherwise impacts pupils with certain larning disablements and/or pupils who have a difficult clip treating information because they frequently need more clip to understand the inquiries and come up with the replies. Besides, to pupils with sight damages, pen and paper proving turn out to be about impossible to take. Last, composing an essay or taging a scantron on an test is frequently non possible for those who are physically handicapped. For illustration, pupils with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) have trouble prolong ing attending in certain undertakings and frequently fail to complete school assignment. Although one may believe that this is due to oppositional behaviour or failure to understand stuff, it is non. Therefore, extended clip during trials and drawn-out deadlines for certain assignments would merely be just to them. It is apparent that the ASC is really good to many pupils, professors, every bit good as the community and universe in general. We all know and recognize that people with disablements and disabilities need to foster their instruction every bit much as possible and the ASC makes that possible. This makes more chances for people with disablements to acquire better occupations out in the â€Å" existent universe. † How to cite The Academic Support Center Education Essay, Essay examples

Hardness Removal free essay sample

88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the concentration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.? To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Hardness Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales. The particular method used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L. Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample water was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.